Permaculture’s co-founder David Holmgren is a futurist, and has shared deep wisdom and insight about where we are headed as a civilization. He lives in Hepburn Springs, Victoria, Australia, about 99 km or 61 miles from Melbourne. His well-known Permaculture site, called Melliodora  ,  is documented in this book Melliodora: Ten Years of Sustainable Living   . He has published a number of books, including “Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability”   , and “Future Scenarios: How Communities Can Adapt to Peak Oil and Climate Change”

Holmgren’s first book “Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability” introduces the concept of “Peak Oil” which is the time when the world uses half of the available fossil fuels on the planet, and the other half is more costly to extract, with a decreasing amount available each year. This causes us to seek the dirtier forms of fossil fuel extraction, which exacerbates climate change through increased CO2 emissions. 

  In “Future Scenarios”, Holmgren outlines the possible directions that we can go, given the world energy situation:

Techno Fantasy - “ depends on new, large and concentrated energy sources that will allow the continual growth in material wealth and human power over environmental constraints, as well as population growth. This scenario is generally associated with space travel to colonize other planets.” Excerpted from Future Scenarios website 

Cleantech Stability - “ depends on a seamless conversion from material growth based on depleting energy, to a steady state in consumption of resources and population (if not economic activity), all based on novel use of renewable energies and technologies that can maintain if not improve the quality of services available from current systems...Photovoltaic technology directly capturing solar energy is a suitable icon or symbol of this scenario.”

Energy Descent - “ involves a reduction of economic activity, complexity and population in some way as fossil fuels are depleted. The increasing reliance on renewable resources of lower energy density will, over time, change the structure of society to reflect many of the basic design rules, if not details, of pre-industrial societies. This suggests a ruralisation of settlement and economy, with less consumption of energy and resources and a progressive decline in human populations.”

Collapse - “ suggests a failure of the whole range of interlocked systems that maintain and support industrial society, as high quality fossil fuels are depleted and/or climate change radically damages the ecological support systems. This collapse would be fast and more or less continuous without the restabilisations possible in Energy Descent .“

Holmgren’s Future Scenario’s research:

David Holmgren long interview  

David Holmgren presentation in Tasmania: “Surfing Suburbia”